In order to improve the relevance and accuracy of the monitoring and early warning of coal and rock unstable failure in deep underground engineering, the charge induction and microseismic signals generated by coal and rock in the deformation and fracture process under cyclic loading were monitored simultaneously by a self-developed multi-channel monitoring system, and the time-frequency characteristics and energy features of the signals were analyzed and compared with those of the uniaxial compression tests. The results show that the charge induction and microseismic signals of coal and rock under cyclic loading have different characteristics at different loading stages, more microfractures are generated in the cyclic unloading section, and charge induction signals with small peak values frequently occur before multiple splitting fractures generate in the coal samples. Of particular note is that Fourier transform and spectrum analysis of the signals show that the variation characteristics of the spectral band and spectral amplitude of the microseismic signals can very well reflect the internal fracture extension of the coal samples, and the increase of the amplitude of the main frequency is synchronous with that of the amplitude of microseismic signals. The charge induction and microseismic signals can jointly define the loading process of the coal and rock, which can provide more accurate early warning information on rock failures.