In order to clarify the coordination degree of water resources and regional development in Guanzhong region, the quantitative evaluation and comprehensive analysis of the spatio-temporal evolution of the water resources carrying capacity and the coupling coordination degree of the subsystems of water resources, society, economy and ecological environment in Guanzhong region from 2010 to 2019 were carried out using variable parameter fuzzy evaluation model, spatial autocorrelation analysis and coupling coordination development model. The results show that the carrying capacity of water resources in Guanzhong region showed an fluctuated upward trend with an M-shaped curve, all the cities were at a critical state of grade Ⅲ. The carrying capacity of socity, economy and ecological environment differentiated greatly, and the water resources subsystem laged behind and fluctuated downward. The spatial distribution of water resources carrying capacity was characterized by “strong in the south and weak in the north”, and most cities were in critical or weak state. The spatial difference increased with fluctuations and changed from insignificant to significant with 2018 as the turning point. Among the cities, Xianyang and Weinan had low water resources carrying capacity, which was caused by serious water pollution and low water resources utilization efficiency, respectively. The coupling and coordination degree of water resources, society, economy and ecological environment showed a fluctuating upward trend, with a growth rate of 16.3% during the period, which was recognized as moderate coordination state. The difference between cities gradually decreased, and Xi’an, Tongchuan and Baoji reached a relatively high degree of coupling and coordination. The main influencing factors of water resources carrying capacity were the water quality compliance rate in the water function area, water supply modulus, effective utilization coefficient of farmland irrigation water and urbanization rate. The research results can provide a reference for regional water resources planning and management under the framework of sustainable and coordinated development.