To explore the meso-scale mechanical properties of concrete, a two-dimensional finite element model were developed for concrete fracture modelling based on the images from in situ X-ray computed tomography (XCT) tests. Zero-thickness cohesive interface elements (CIEs) were embedded within cement mortar and aggregate-cement mortar interfaces in advance to simulate potential cracks. Meanwhile, numerical simulations of concrete under uniaxial compression were carried out to analyze the crack propagation and the influence of different meso-structures and corresponding parameters on the fracture damage behavior. The simulation results show that the simulated compressive strength of the two-dimensional model of concrete is close to the measured values by laboratory experiments. The compressive strength of concrete is mainly affected by the absolute value of mortar CIEs, in which the CIE strength of cement mortar plays a controlling role on the material strength, and the relative ratio between cement mortar CIE strength and aggregate-cement mortar CIE strength has a significant effect on the development of crack propagation.