In order to study the health status of water ecosystem in Xi’an in the context of urban high-speed construction, 24 related indicators were selected to establish a water ecological carrying capacity evaluation system. Then, principal component analysis (PCA) was used to evaluate the change of water ecological carrying capacity in Xi’an City from 2010 to 2018. The results show that the water ecological carrying capacity of Xi’an City showed an overall upward trend from 2010 to 2018, which improved from Grade Ⅳ (overloaded) in 2010 to Grade Ⅱ (good) in 2018. In respond to the Construction of Water Ecological Civilization City in Xi’an, pilot programs were established in the urban districts and counties from 2013 to 2016. So relevant data were selected from 2013 and 2016, the first and final year of the pilot programs, to evaluate the water ecological carrying capacity of each district and county. It was found that the water ecological carrying capacity of the districts and counties all increased to various extents in 2016 compared with that in 2013, among which Baqiao District improved from Grade Ⅳ to Grade Ⅱ, Weiyang District from Grade Ⅳ to Grade Ⅲ, Lintong District from Grade Ⅲ to Grade Ⅱ; and the water ecological carrying capacity also improved to various extent within its original grade in other districts and counties. The comprehensive analysis of the water ecological carrying capacity of Xi’an City, its districts and counties can provide some technical support for the decision making of the follow-up water ecosystem management and protection measures in this region.