At present, droughts is one of the most prominent problems threatening the development of agriculture in China. The study on agricultural drought vulnerability is the premise of scientific response to droughts. Taking 11 prefecture level cities in Hebei Province as research objects, we selected fourteen indicators from three aspects of exposure, sensitivity and adaptive capacity to construct an agricultural drought vulnerability assessment system. The comprehensive index method was used to conduct a spatio temporal analysis of agricultural drought vulnerability of Hebei Province in 2010, 2014 and 2018. Besides, the main influencing factors were analyzed by factor contribution model. The results show that the agricultural drought vulnerability of Hebei Province from 2010 to 2018 showed an overall upward trend and then a downward trend temporally; from spatial perspective, all the prefecture level cities were at a vulnerability level of medium or below in 2018, except Shijiazhuang City and Chengde City. According to the factor contribution model, the total water consumption had the greatest impact on the agricultural drought vulnerability of Hebei Province. Therefore, improving water management capabilities, encouraging the residents’ awareness of water saving and reducing total water consumption are the suggested key measures targeting the agricultural drought vulnerability of Hebei Province.