Based on the geological, topographical and other conditions, Hunan Province was divided into nine regions by counties for statistic purposes. More than 14, 000 reservoirs of various types in the province were investigated to analyze the spatial distribution pattern of reservoirs and the spatial distribution of drought frequency of severe droughts and above from April to September using SPI-3 index method, so as to conduct a comparative study on the spatial matching relationship between reservoir distribution and droughts. The results show that the reservoir distribution in Hunan Province is obviously spatially differentiated. The number density of reservoirs in hilly areas is generally greater than that in mountainous areas, and the reservoir capacity density is generally smaller than that in mountainous areas due to the shortage of large reservoirs. The density of reservoirs in the hinterland of the Dongting Lake Plain is extremely low, but that in the periphery of the plain ranks first in the whole province. The matching relationships between reservoir water supply capacity and population, reservoir water supply capacity and cultivated land in different regions are also differentiated. The maximum reservoir capacity per unit area and per capita in the southeastern Luoxiao-Nanling mountainous area of Hunan reached 54, 397.32 m3/hm2 and 3, 286.53 m3 respectively, whereas in central Hunan karst hilly area and Dongting Lake area, they were not higher than 3, 450 m3/hm2 and 210 m3 respectively. The spatial differentiation characteristics of reservoirs in Hunan Province are mainly under the influence of geological and topographical conditions, with large scale but small quantity of reservoirs in the mountainous area, and small scale but large quantity of reservoirs in the hilly area. In general, the spatial distribution of reservoir water supply capacity and drought situation in Hunan Province are obviously unbalanced and dislocated. For example, the Hengshao Basin is not only afflicted by low average annual rainfall, but also frequent severe droughts, and its reservoir water supply capacity is also at a low level compared to the other areas in the province. In addition, karst areas are difficult to retain water, now this basin has the most severe drought situation in Hunan Province.