The dynamic triaxial compression tests for steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) subjected to freeze-thaw (F-T) cycles were conducted to analyze the effect of F-T cycles and steel fiber content on the axial ultimate compressive strength, axial peak strain and stress-strain curve of the SFRC. Moreover, the microstructure of the samples before and after F-T cycles were observed using a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in order to explore the influence of F-T cycles on the dynamic mechanical properties of SFRC, and provide a theoretical reference for the application of SFRC in practical engineering in cold regions. It is found that the increase of F-T cycles resulted in the decrease of axial ultimate compressive strength, and the decrease rate increased significantly after 100 cycles, whereas the axial peak strain of SFRC increased linearly. The increase of the strain rate led to the increase of the ultimate compressive strength and the decrease of the axial peak strain. The area of the stress-strain curve was diminished and the energy absorption capacity of SFRC decreased because F-T cycles damaged the internal structure of the SFRC. The steel fiber content had a great influence on the dynamic performance of the concrete after F-T deterioration. In this test, the concrete with 1% steel fiber content performed the best. SEM microstructure illustrates the strengthening mechanism of SFRC frost resistance and the weakening mechanism of excessive steel fiber content, and the results are consistent with the macroscopic test.