In order to understand the channel characteristics and differentiation laws of the loess hilly and gullied region more clearly, the Nianzhuanggou Watershed in Yan′an City was taken as the research area, and the GIS-based hydrological and spatial analysis methods were used to calculate the grade, length, dispersion and the gradient characteristics of the channels, and the channel characteristics and their differentiation laws were analyzed at the channel scale and the watershed scale. The results show that the grade, length, dispersion and gradient of the channel characterized with obvious spatial differentiation laws at the channel scale. The higher the channel grade is, the smaller the channel number is, and the larger the channel length is, the smaller the channel gradient is. The channel grade and channel dispersion has no correlation. At the small watershed scale, the maximum channel grade, average channel length, average channel dispersion and average channel gradient of different watersheds have spatial differentiation, but spatial autocorrelation is not obvious.