Based on the data of the past 500 years, the spatial and temporal characteristics of flood and drought disasters in the study area were evaluated using the moving average, cumulative anomaly, frequency statistics, wavelet analysis, Mann-Kendall test and spatial analysis method. The results show that the flood and drought disasters in Huang-Huai-Hai region have obvious interannual and interdecadal variations and the region tends to be arid in recent years. There are some differences in the interannual variability of each sub-region, and the abrupt change period is quite different. The spatial distribution of flood and drought disasters shows significant difference, and disasters have become more frequent since the latter half of the 19th century. The results are of great value for disaster prevention and mitigation, disaster prediction, engineering construction and related research.