Aksu-Tarim River is belong to arid zone pure dissipative inland river, the water quality there is polluted to a certain degree under the effect of human activities. The degree of mineralization, content of sulphate and chloride among the surveying index are high witch caused pollution of water quality. So this article assessed the quality of surface water resource in Aksu-Tarim River. The contaminative conditions of water quality on Aksu-Tarim River section were analyzed. Preliminary analysis showed that the monitoring data about Longkou and Xidaqiao arrive at the national class Ⅲ water standards except SS, and the monitoring data about Alar and Shisi-tuan arrive at the national classⅤwater standards except SS. The major pollutants in Aksu-Tarim River are suspended substance, mineralization degree, total hardness, chlorides, sulphate. This shows that the river''s pollution is mainly salinization, one of the most sensitive index is suspend substance(SS) in water pollution, it have a direct relationship with natural factors, such as soil erosion, background value of region. Due to the factors that natural geological environment, farmland exclude-enter, it can maintain the “moderate pollution” degree. With the extension of the river, the pollution levels are more prominent. It is not obvious that the river suffers the industrial pollution, but we should to prevent the large of industrial wastewater discharged in the future.