To analyze the hydrochemical characteristics and main ion sources of the groundwater in Qimantage area, Xinjiang, the mathematical statistical analysis, Piper trilinear diagram, Gibbs diagram, ion ratio and hydrogeochemical simulation were used for the analysis and discussion based on the groundwater investigation data. The results showed that the groundwater in the study area was generally weakly alkaline and the main chemical types of the groundwater were type Na-Cl·SO4, type Na·Mg-Cl·SO4 and type Na·Mg-Cl·SO4·HCO3. Evaporation concentration and weathering and dissolution of rocks were the primary factors that affected and controlled the chemical composition of the groundwater. Among them, the weathering and dissolution of rocks was dominated by the dissolution of evaporite (gypsum, salt rock) and silicate (potassium feldspar, albite, anorthite and magnesite).