The water scarcity in arid inland oases results in prominent conflicts between ecological development and socio economic development. Based on the data from 2014 to 2018, the scenario hypothesis analysis is used to estimate the suitable area of oasis, baseline of cultivated land, ecological and socio economic value of oasis in Shiyanghe River Basin under the impact of water resources, social economy and oasis landscape in this area. Our results indicate that the average suitable area of oasis ranged from 330.9×103 hm2 to 502.6×103 hm2 and the average ecological value of oasis was approximately 17.08×109 CNY in the Shiyanghe River Basin during 2014-2018, and both of them showed a decreasing trend. The minimum ecological value of oasis was estimated as 14.944×109 CNY, which was calculated based on the hypothetical increase of animal husbandry. Furthermore, the maximum ecological and socio economic value of oasis was estimated to be 94.585×109 CNY, which was calculated based on the combined hypothetical increase of population, cultivated land area, animal husbandry and industry.