With the increase of population, the contradiction between supply and demand of water resources has become one of the important factors restricting the sustainable development in Shaanxi Province, and the impact of human activities on the fragile status of water resources in Shaanxi Province is becoming more and more serious. Based on the collected data on water resources, population and social economy in Shaanxi Province, the function evaluation method was used to conduct water resources vulnerability assessment and to briefly analyze the influencing factors for 10 provincial cities and Yangling demonstration zone in Shaanxi Province. The results showed that, the spatial difference of water resources vulnerability was large in Shaanxi Province, and Guanzhong region was facing more serious problem between the supply and demand of water resources. The three cities of Weinan, Xianyang and Yangling belonged to the extremely fragile areas , Shangluo belonged to fragile area of water resources. Water resources vulnerability and water resources utilization ratio in Shaanxi Province had a good positive correlation. To narrow the gap of spatial difference of water resources and to improve water resources utilization efficiency are imperative in the water resources management in Shaanxi Province.