The ecological environment degradation is very serious in some areas of Tarim River basin because of the influence of natural and artificial factors. The unreasonable utilization of water resources by human beings aggravated the evolution process of water resources vulnerability and affected the ecological security in arid zone. Taking water resources vulnerability as the main line, it systematically summarized the major progress of water resources vulnerability both at home and abroad, studied the manifestations and causes of water resources vulnerabilities form 1960s to the beginning of 21 century, and analyzed the variable trend of water resources vulnerability, and proposed adaptive countermeasure. From the analysis results, surface water and underground water is reduced, groundwater levels fells, water quality obviously worsen year by year through the change of 50 years in the basin, which caused a series of ecological environment problems.